President Donald Trump has signed a controversial new executive order that could reshape how Americans vote in federal elections. The order, titled Preserving and Protecting the Integrity of American Elections, requires all voters to present proof of U.S. citizenship when registering—such as a passport, REAL ID, or military identification. Supporters argue it will safeguard elections, while critics warn it could disenfranchise millions.

Beyond voter registration, the order also changes mail-in voting rules. Ballots must now arrive by election day to be counted, eliminating the grace period currently allowed in 18 states and Puerto Rico. It also directs state election officials to share data with federal agencies to remove suspected noncitizens from voter rolls, further centralizing oversight.

Legal experts anticipate fierce challenges in the courts. Constitutional scholars argue that a president cannot override laws passed by Congress on voter registration, and election officials in several states have already called the move unlawful. Opponents say the plan amounts to voter suppression, while the administration insists it is necessary to keep elections “free, fair, and honest.”

Whether the executive order survives judicial review remains uncertain. What is clear is the scale of the debate it has sparked: one side demanding stricter controls in the name of security, the other warning of barriers that could silence eligible voters. With lawsuits looming, the future of voting rights in the U.S. now sits at the center of a new political storm.